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Plasmonic solar cells K.R. Catchpole, 1,2* and A. Polman, 1 1 FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia * Corresponding author: kylie.catchpole@anu.edu.au Abstract: The scattering from metal nanoparticles near their localized plasmon resonance is a promising way of increasing the light absorption in thin-film solar cells. Enhancements in photocurrent have been observed for a wide range of semiconductors and solar cell configurations. We review experimental and theoretical progress that has been made in recent years, describe the basic mechanisms at work, and provide an outlook on future prospects in this area. 2008 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (350.6050) Solar energy; (240.6680) Surface plasmons; (040.5350) Photovoltaic References and links 1. J. Müller, B. Rech, J. Springer, and M. Vanecek, "TCO and light trapping in silicon thin film solar cells," Solar Energy 77, 917-930 (2004). 2. J. Meier, S. Dubail, S. Golay, U. Kroll, S. Faÿ, E. Vallat-Sauvain, L. Feitknecht, J. Dubail, and A. Shah, "Microcrystalline silicon and the impact on micromorph tandem solar cells," Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 74, 457-467 (2002). 3. S. Nie and R. Emory, "Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering " Science 275, 1102 (1997). 4. M. Moskovits, "Surface-enhanced spectroscopy," Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783 (1985). 5. S. A. Maier, M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, S. Meltzer, A. A. G. Requicha, and H. A. Atwater, "Plasmonics - A route to nanoscale optical devices," Adv. Mat. 13, 1501 (2001). 6. X. D. Hoa, A. G. Kirk, and M. Tabrizian, "Towards integrated and sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors: A review of recent progress," Biosens. Bioelectron. 23, 151-160 (2007). 7. H. R. Stuart and D. G. Hall, "Island size effects in nanoparticle-enhanced photodetectors " Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3815 (1998). 8. D. M. Schaadt, B. Feng, and E. T. Yu, "Enhanced semiconductor optical absorption via surface plasmon excitation in metal nanoparticles," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 063106 (2005). 9. D. Derkacs, S. H. Lim, P. Matheu, W. Mar, and E. T. Yu, "Improved performance of amorphous silicon solar cells via scattering from surface plasmon polaritons in nearby metallic nanoparticles," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093103 (2006). 10. S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, "Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells," J. Appl. Phys. 101, 093105 (2007). 11. S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, G.Zhang, J. Zhao, and M. A. Green, "Enhanced emission from thin Si based LEDs using surface plasmons," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 161102 (2006). 12. M. Westphalen, U. Kreibig, J. Rostalski, H. Lüth, and D. Meissner, "Metal cluster enhanced organic solar cells," Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 61, 97-105 (2000). 13. B. P. Rand, P. Peumans, and S. R. Forrest, "Long-range absorption enhancement in organic tandem thinfilm solar cells containing silver nanoclusters," J. Appl. Phys. 96, 7519 (2004). 14. A. J. Morfa, K. L. Rowlen, T. H. Reilly III, M. J. Romero, and J. v. d. Lagemaatb, "Plasmon-enhanced solar energy conversion in organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 013504 (2008). 15. R. B. Konda, R. Mundle, H. Mustafa, O. Bamiduro, A. K. Pradhan, U. N. Roy, Y. Cui, and A. Burger, "Surface plasmon excitation via Au nanoparticles in n-CdSe/p-Si heterojunction diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 191111 (2007). 16. C. Hägglund, M. Zäch, and B. Kasemo, "Enhanced charge carrier generation in dye sensitized solar cells by nanoparticle plasmons," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 013113 (2008). 17. K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman, "Design principles for particle plasmon enhanced solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 191113 (2008). 18. C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983). 19. U. Kreibig and M. Vollmer, Optical properties of metal clusters, Springer Series in Materials Science (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995). #101311 - $15.00 USD Received 9 Sep 2008; revised 12 Oct 2008; accepted 14 Oct 2008; published 17 Dec 2008 (C) 2008 OSA 22 December 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 26 / OPTICS EXPRESS 21793
This paper begins with the idea developed by critical cartographers that maps materialise and fix lines, stabilising meanings and identity, as well as economic and political power. Cartographic power derives from the impression that there is a natural continuity between objects and phenomena in the world and their cartographic materialization. As argued in a first section of this chapter, this cartographic continuity has been recently reinforced with technological maps and more specifically with virtual globes, such as Google Earth, and their smooth zooming and navigating capabilities. In a second section we turn to cinema in which the continuity system of narration has been widely challenged over the years by alternative filming strategies such as jump cuts, direct address, or self-refiexive narratives. The review of these refiexive strategies in cinema makes clear that fi lmmakers have attempted to undermine the conventional framework of cinematic form, seeking to break free from both the dominant cinematographic continuity narrative and its political implications. Finally, we argue that this cinematographic experience could serve as sources of inspiration for cinematic refiexivity in cartography through the use of montage, sound and human presence.
SEM images and size distributions (with the mean diameter value in brackets and standard deviation, σ, given) of Au nanoparticle arrays obtained from films of a thickness of d = 10 nm deposited on SiO2 glass (a,b) and ITO/BK-7 glass (c) substrates by irradiation with 15 (a), 10 (b), and 4 (c) laser pulses at 266 nm and fixed fluences of 60 (a), 100 (b), and 160 (c) mJ/cm2. The top-left insets in b) and c) show the substrate structures where the scale is the same as for the NPs. The bottom-right insets show power distributions of the FFT-processed SEM images. The yellow-selected area in a) was used as the model system for FDTD calculations.
Absorbance spectra (normalized): a) profiles a, b, and c of nanostructures shown in Figure 1a, b, and c, respectively; spectrum t is calculated for the structure in Figure 1b. b) Absorbance spectra recorded for structures in a two-stage process: non-irradiated 5 nm thick film - spectrum d, the same film irradiated with 5 pulses at fluence of 60 mJ/cm2 - spectrum e, and after renewal sputtering of 5 nm Au film and successive irradiation under the same conditions - spectrum f; the inset shows intensity relations between lines d, e, and f.
Figure 7 shows data collected for the reference ITO electrodes covered by continuous gold films of a thickness of 10 and 20 nm and also for ITO modified by Au NP arrays obtained by laser processing of such films. The reversibility of the electrochemical reactions can be concluded from the CV data obtained for ferricyanide as a model substance according to method described in [59]. Curves acquired for electrodes modified by Au nanoarrays and immersed in the K3[Fe(CN)6] solution show pronounced oxidation and reduction peaks of the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple (see Figure 7a). For the ITO reference sample, a weak reversibility with peak separation of ΔE = 0.166 V is observed. In the case of the modified electrodes, the higher current values are recorded and the separation of the oxidation and reduction peaks are lower, which indicates an enhanced redox reversibility [60].
a) Voltammetric curves of the reference electrodes of uncovered ITO and covered by non-processed 10 and 20 nm thick Au film, and modified by Au NPs produced by laser nanostructuring of these films, for electrodes immersed in 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] + 1 M KCl and recorded at a scan rate of 50 mV/s; b) CV curves of the ITO electrode modified by Au NPs produced from 20 nm thick films, in 0.1 M NaOH without and with 2 mM of glucose, recorded at scan rates of 50, 180, 230, and 360 mV/s; the inset shows a linear dependence of the peak current on square root of the scan rate - adapted from [58]. 2ff7e9595c
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